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Les Français·e·s et l’aide publique au développement

L’aide publique au développement (APD) génère des opinions mouvantes et parfois paradoxales chez les français·es, en fonction de l’angle sous lequel on les interroge. Parfois méconnue, souvent mal connue, les français·es n’ignorent pas que d’une certaine manière, le gouvernement français donne de l’argent à destination des pays pauvres. Il est sans doute plus abstrait d’associer ces sommes versées à un projet de développement.
Cette rubrique permet :

  • d’identifier la variété des opinions françaises en matière de solidarité internationale,
  • de mesurer l’évolution de l’opinion des français·es à propos de l’APD,
  • de comparer l’opinion française, allemande, britannique et américaine sur le développement.


X Fermer ".substr(trim(" 0,7% "),0,1).""; echo " 0,7% " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" 0,7% "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" agenda 2030 "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" agenda 2030 "),0,1)."

"; echo " Agenda 2030 " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" agenda 2030 "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" agriculture "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" agriculture "),0,1)."

"; echo " Agriculture " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" agriculture "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" apd "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" apd "),0,1)."

"; echo " APD " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" apd "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" autonomisation "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" autonomisation "),0,1)."

"; echo " Autonomisation " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" autonomisation "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" benevolat "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" benevolat "),0,1)."

"; echo " Bénévolat " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" benevolat "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" boycott "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" boycott "),0,1)."

"; echo " Boycott " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" boycott "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" chomage "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" chomage "),0,1)."

"; echo " Chômage " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" chomage "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" climat "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" climat "),0,1)."

"; echo " Climat " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" climat "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" comite d#8217;aide au developpement "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" comite d#8217;aide au developpement "),0,1)."

"; echo " Comité d’aide au développement " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" comite d#8217;aide au developpement "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" conflits armes "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" conflits armes "),0,1)."

"; echo " Conflits armés " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" conflits armes "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" corruption "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" corruption "),0,1)."

"; echo " Corruption " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" corruption "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" cout de la vie "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" cout de la vie "),0,1)."

"; echo " Coût de la vie " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" cout de la vie "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" decolonisation "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" decolonisation "),0,1)."

"; echo " Décolonisation " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" decolonisation "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" democratie "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" democratie "),0,1)."

"; echo " Démocratie " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" democratie "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" demographie "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" demographie "),0,1)."

"; echo " Démographie " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" demographie "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" diplomatie feministe "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" diplomatie feministe "),0,1)."

"; echo " Diplomatie Féministe " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" diplomatie feministe "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" diplomatie "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" diplomatie "),0,1)."

"; echo " Diplomatie " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" diplomatie "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" dons "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" dons "),0,1)."

"; echo " Dons " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" dons "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" droits humains "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" droits humains "),0,1)."

"; echo " Droits humains " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" droits humains "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" eau "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" eau "),0,1)."

"; echo " Eau " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" eau "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" economie "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" economie "),0,1)."

"; echo " Economie " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" economie "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" education "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" education "),0,1)."

"; echo " Éducation " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" education "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" efficacite "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" efficacite "),0,1)."

"; echo " Efficacité " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" efficacite "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" egalite femmes-hommes "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" egalite femmes-hommes "),0,1)."

"; echo " Égalité femmes-hommes " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" egalite femmes-hommes "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" emploi "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" emploi "),0,1)."

"; echo " Emploi " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" emploi "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" entreprises "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" entreprises "),0,1)."

"; echo " Entreprises " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" entreprises "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" environnement "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" environnement "),0,1)."

"; echo " Environnement " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" environnement "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" europe "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" europe "),0,1)."

"; echo " Europe " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" europe "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" evasion fiscale "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" evasion fiscale "),0,1)."

"; echo " Évasion fiscale " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" evasion fiscale "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" faim/nutrition "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" faim/nutrition "),0,1)."

"; echo " Faim/nutrition " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" faim/nutrition "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" focus groupes "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" focus groupes "),0,1)."

"; echo " Focus groupes " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" focus groupes "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" humanitaire "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" humanitaire "),0,1)."

"; echo " Humanitaire " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" humanitaire "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" impact "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" impact "),0,1)."

"; echo " Impact " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" impact "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" inegalites "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" inegalites "),0,1)."

"; echo " Inégalités " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" inegalites "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" infrastructures/technologies "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" infrastructures/technologies "),0,1)."

"; echo " Infrastructures/technologies " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" infrastructures/technologies "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" initiative bridgetown "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" initiative bridgetown "),0,1)."

"; echo " Initiative Bridgetown " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" initiative bridgetown "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" instabilite "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" instabilite "),0,1)."

"; echo " Instabilité " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" instabilite "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" interpellation des decideurs "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" interpellation des decideurs "),0,1)."

"; echo " Interpellation des décideurs " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" interpellation des decideurs "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" jeunesse "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" jeunesse "),0,1)."

"; echo " Jeunesse " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" jeunesse "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" liberte de la presse "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" liberte de la presse "),0,1)."

"; echo " Liberté de la presse " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" liberte de la presse "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" manifestation (participation a) "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" manifestation (participation a) "),0,1)."

"; echo " Manifestation (participation à) " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" manifestation (participation a) "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" media "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" media "),0,1)."

"; echo " Média " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" media "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" methodologie "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" methodologie "),0,1)."

"; echo " Méthodologie " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" methodologie "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" migrations "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" migrations "),0,1)."

"; echo " Migrations " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" migrations "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" mondialisation "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" mondialisation "),0,1)."

"; echo " Mondialisation " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" mondialisation "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" multilateralisme "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" multilateralisme "),0,1)."

"; echo " Multilatéralisme " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" multilateralisme "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" onu amp; agences onusiennes "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" onu amp; agences onusiennes "),0,1)."

"; echo " ONU & agences onusiennes " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" onu amp; agences onusiennes "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" paix "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" paix "),0,1)."

"; echo " Paix " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" paix "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" paludisme "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" paludisme "),0,1)."

"; echo " Paludisme " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" paludisme "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" partage d#8217;informations "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" partage d#8217;informations "),0,1)."

"; echo " Partage d’informations " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" partage d#8217;informations "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" partenariats "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" partenariats "),0,1)."

"; echo " Partenariats " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" partenariats "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" pauvrete "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" pauvrete "),0,1)."

"; echo " Pauvreté " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" pauvrete "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" petition "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" petition "),0,1)."

"; echo " Pétition " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" petition "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" planning familial "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" planning familial "),0,1)."

"; echo " Planning familial " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" planning familial "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" polio "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" polio "),0,1)."

"; echo " Polio " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" polio "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" priorites "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" priorites "),0,1)."

"; echo " Priorités " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" priorites "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" progres "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" progres "),0,1)."

"; echo " Progrès " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" progres "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" religion "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" religion "),0,1)."

"; echo " Religion " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" religion "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" reseaux sociaux "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" reseaux sociaux "),0,1)."

"; echo " Réseaux sociaux " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" reseaux sociaux "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" sahel "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" sahel "),0,1)."

"; echo " Sahel " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" sahel "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" sante mondiale "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" sante mondiale "),0,1)."

"; echo " Santé mondiale " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" sante mondiale "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" sante reproductive "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" sante reproductive "),0,1)."

"; echo " Santé reproductive " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" sante reproductive "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" secrutie "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" secrutie "),0,1)."

"; echo " Sécrutié " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" secrutie "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" sida "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" sida "),0,1)."

"; echo " SIDA " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" sida "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" societe "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" societe "),0,1)."

"; echo " Société " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" societe "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" taxe sur les transactions financieres "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" taxe sur les transactions financieres "),0,1)."

"; echo " Taxe sur les Transactions Financières " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" taxe sur les transactions financieres "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" transport "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" transport "),0,1)."

"; echo " Transport " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" transport "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" tuberculose "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" tuberculose "),0,1)."

"; echo " Tuberculose " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" tuberculose "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" vaccins "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" vaccins "),0,1)."

"; echo " Vaccins " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" vaccins "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" valeurs "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" valeurs "),0,1)."

"; echo " Valeurs " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" valeurs "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim(" vote "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim(" vote "),0,1)."

"; echo " Vote " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim(" vote "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("act-a"),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("act-a"),0,1)."

"; echo "ACT-A" ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("act-a"),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("afrique "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("afrique "),0,1)."

"; echo "Afrique " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("afrique "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("covax "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("covax "),0,1)."

"; echo "COVAX " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("covax "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("biens publics mondiaux"),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("biens publics mondiaux"),0,1)."

"; echo "Biens publics mondiaux" ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("biens publics mondiaux"),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("carence en micronutriments"),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("carence en micronutriments"),0,1)."

"; echo "carence en micronutriments" ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("carence en micronutriments"),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("confiance"),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("confiance"),0,1)."

"; echo "Confiance" ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("confiance"),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("connaissances"),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("connaissances"),0,1)."

"; echo "Connaissances" ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("connaissances"),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("cop28"),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("cop28"),0,1)."

"; echo "COP28" ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("cop28"),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("covid-19"),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("covid-19"),0,1)."

"; echo "Covid-19" ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("covid-19"),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("cumbre de paris"),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("cumbre de paris"),0,1)."

"; echo "Cumbre de París" ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("cumbre de paris"),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("dette"),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("dette"),0,1)."

"; echo "Dette" ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("dette"),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("devoir de vigilance"),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("devoir de vigilance"),0,1)."

"; echo "Devoir de vigilance" ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("devoir de vigilance"),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("emaciation"),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("emaciation"),0,1)."

"; echo "Emaciation" ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("emaciation"),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("engagement"),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("engagement"),0,1)."

"; echo "Engagement" ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("engagement"),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("faim"),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("faim"),0,1)."

"; echo "faim" ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("faim"),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("financements innovants"),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("financements innovants"),0,1)."

"; echo "Financements innovants" ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("financements innovants"),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("fiscalite/taxation"),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("fiscalite/taxation"),0,1)."

"; echo "Fiscalité/taxation" ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("fiscalite/taxation"),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("food security"),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("food security"),0,1)."

"; echo "food security" ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("food security"),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("gender equality"),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("gender equality"),0,1)."

"; echo "Gender Equality" ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("gender equality"),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("gender equality forum"),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("gender equality forum"),0,1)."

"; echo "Gender Equality Forum" ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("gender equality forum"),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("health"),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("health"),0,1)."

"; echo "Health" ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("health"),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("hunger"),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("hunger"),0,1)."

"; echo "hunger" ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("hunger"),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("justice"),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("justice"),0,1)."

"; echo "Justice" ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("justice"),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("multinationales"),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("multinationales"),0,1)."

"; echo "Multinationales" ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("multinationales"),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("n4g"),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("n4g"),0,1)."

"; echo "N4G" ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("n4g"),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("new global financing pact"),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("new global financing pact"),0,1)."

"; echo "New Global Financing Pact" ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("new global financing pact"),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("nouveau pacte financier"),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("nouveau pacte financier"),0,1)."

"; echo "Nouveau pacte financier" ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("nouveau pacte financier"),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("nuevo pacto financiero"),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("nuevo pacto financiero"),0,1)."

"; echo "Nuevo pacto financiero" ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("nuevo pacto financiero"),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("nutrition"),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("nutrition"),0,1)."

"; echo "Nutrition" ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("nutrition"),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("nutrition for growth"),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("nutrition for growth"),0,1)."

"; echo "Nutrition for Growth" ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("nutrition for growth"),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("nutrition pour la croissance"),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("nutrition pour la croissance"),0,1)."

"; echo "Nutrition pour la croissance" ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("nutrition pour la croissance"),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("obesite"),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("obesite"),0,1)."

"; echo "obésité" ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("obesite"),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("ong"),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("ong"),0,1)."

"; echo "ONG" ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("ong"),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("paris summit "),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("paris summit "),0,1)."

"; echo "Paris Summit " ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("paris summit "),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("populisme/nationalisme/racisme"),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("populisme/nationalisme/racisme"),0,1)."

"; echo "Populisme/nationalisme/racisme" ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("populisme/nationalisme/racisme"),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("poverty"),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("poverty"),0,1)."

"; echo "Poverty" ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("poverty"),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("presidentielle"),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("presidentielle"),0,1)."

"; echo "Présidentielle" ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("presidentielle"),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("reforme des banques multilaterales de developpement"),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("reforme des banques multilaterales de developpement"),0,1)."

"; echo "Réforme des banques multilatérales de développement" ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("reforme des banques multilaterales de developpement"),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("retard de croissance"),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("retard de croissance"),0,1)."

"; echo "Retard de croissance" ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("retard de croissance"),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("securite alimentaire"),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("securite alimentaire"),0,1)."

"; echo "sécurité alimentaire" ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("securite alimentaire"),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("sommet de juin"),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("sommet de juin"),0,1)."

"; echo "Sommet de juin" ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("sommet de juin"),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("sommet pour un nouveau pacte financier mondial"),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("sommet pour un nouveau pacte financier mondial"),0,1)."

"; echo "Sommet pour un Nouveau pacte financier mondial" ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("sommet pour un nouveau pacte financier mondial"),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("surpoids"),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("surpoids"),0,1)."

"; echo "surpoids" ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("surpoids"),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("transition energetique"),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("transition energetique"),0,1)."

"; echo "Transition énergétique" ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("transition energetique"),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("vaccines"),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("vaccines"),0,1)."

"; echo "vaccines" ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("vaccines"),0,1); if ($oldletttre!=substr(trim("women#8217;s rights"),0,1)) echo "

".substr(trim("women#8217;s rights"),0,1)."

"; echo "women’s rights" ; $oldletttre=substr(trim("women#8217;s rights"),0,1); ?>